BIOLOGY
1424 EXAM 4 OBJECTIVES
CHAPTERS 20, 21, 22,
23
CHAPTER
20: BRYOPHYTES
1. Recognize that the term bryophyte
no longer represents a taxon, but is a general term, which identifies all
non-vascular land plants.
2. Identify the meaning of
non-vascular. What habitat and habit limitations does this place upon
bryophytes?
3.
Explain the generalized life cycle for a bryophyte, recognizing that the
gametophyte is the dominant generation while the sporophyte is less dominant and
is dependent upon the gametophyte for its survival.
4. What is the purpose of the cuticle
and what limitations result from the thin cuticle of
bryophytes?
5.
Identify the role of leptoids and hydroids. How do they compare to phloem
and xylem?
6.
Note that bryophytes have a flagellated sperm. What problems does this
cause and how does it limit the distribution of bryophytes?
7 Even though some bryophytes
appear to have roots, leaves and stems; why do we say that they have no true
roots, leaves or stems?
8. Recognize that the Division
contains the masses. How do mosses differ in structure and appearance from
liverworts and hornworts?
9. Explain the life cycle of the moss.
What is the protonema?
10.
Discuss the ecology of the moss.
11. Identify the economic importance of the
mosses.
12. Recognize that
the division Hepatophyta contains the liverworts. Differentiate between the
thalloid and leafy liverworts.
13.
How do liverworts differ from mosses?
14. Explain the structure and role of the
archegonium, archegonophore, antheridium and
antheridiophore.
15.
Describe the appearance of the liverwort
sporophyte.
16. Identify the
role of the gemmae cups in the life cycle.
17. Review the ecology of the
liverwort.
18. Recognize
that the Division Anthocerophyta contains the hornworts.
19. Describe the appearance of
hornworts.
20. How does the
hornwort sporophyte differ from that of other bryophytes?
21. Note that hornwort gametophytes have
stomata
22. What is the role
of nitrogen fixing Nostoc in
hornworts?
23. Review the
range of habitats in which bryophytes exist.
24. How do bryophytes serve as pioneer
plants?
FERNS
AND THEIR RELATIVES
1. Identify the characteristics of the
non-seed producing vascular plants: ferns and fern
relatives.
2.
Review the role of the sporophyte and gametophyte in the life cycle and
the characteristics of each.
3. Differentiate between microphylls
and megaphylls.
4.
List the characteristics of the Division
Psilophyta.
5.
List the characteristics of the Division Lycophyta and the genera Lycopodiuni and Selaginella.
6. List the characteristics of the
Division Sphenophyta.
7. List the characteristics of the
Division Pterophyta. Review the lifecycle of the fern as a representative for
the entire group.
8.
Define prothallus, sorus, fiddlehead and circinate
venation.
9.
Review the ecology of ferns and fern relatives.
1. List the general characteristics
for the gymnosperms.
2.
Identify the characteristics of the Division
Cycadophyta.
3.
Identify the characteristics of the Division
Ginkgophyta.
4.
Identify the characteristics of the Division
Gnetophyta
5.
Identify the characteristics of the Division Pinophyta or
Coniferophyta.
6.
Review the lifecycle of the pine as a representative for the entire
group.
7. Review
the economic and ecological importance of gymnosperms.
CHAPTER 23:
FLOWERING PLANTS
1. Describe the characteristics and
origin of flowering plants.
2. Recognize that the division
Anthophyta is very large and diverse with over 250,000
species.
3.
Describe the process, which results in the development of the male
gametophyte, identifying the anther, microspore mother cell, microspore and
pollen grain. What is the role of the tube nucleus, the generative nucleus and
exine?
4.
Explain the process by which the female gametophyte is produced,
identifying the role of the megaspore mother cell, ovary, megaspore, egg
nucleus, polar bodies, synergids, antipodals and embryo
sac.
5. Define
pollination and fertilization.
6. Explain the development of the
pollen tube and the process of double fertilization as it occurs in flowering
plants.
7.
Define apomixis and parthenocarpy.
8. Review flower structure, defining
regular flowers, irregular flowers, simple pistil and compound pistil, perfect
flower, imperfect flower, dioecious and monoecious
flowers.
9.
Discuss variations in pollination. Review insect pollination, bird
pollination, bat pollination and wind pollination. What is the role of pollinia
in orchids?
10. Describe how
herbarium mounts are produced.