CHAPTER
7 - LEAVES:
1.
Identify
and define the basic structures of the leaf.
2.
Identify
the functions of the leaf.
3.
Differentiate
between alternate, opposite and whorled leaf arrangement.
4.
Be
able to recognize an illustration and define or explain the structure of simple
and compound leaves. Define
pinnately and palmately compound leaves.
Recognize that an axillary or lateral bud is located at the point at
which the petiole attaches to the stem and that there is no axillary bud at the
point where leaflets of a compound leaf join the rachis or
petiole.
5.
Define
and explain the arrangement of veins in parallel venation, netted venation,
pinnately netted venation and palmately netted venation. Note that parallel venation is
characteristic of monocots and netted venation is characteristic of
dicots.
6.
Explain
the structure and function of the leaf epidermis and
cuticle.
7.
What
is the function of the mesophyll?
8.
Differentiate
between the structure and function of the palisade and spongy mesophyll when
both exist in the same leaf.
9.
Identify
the location and function of guard cells and the stomata.
10.
Recognize
the structure of leaf veins and note that xylem tissue is always located on the
upper side and that phloem is always on the lower side of the
bundle.
11.
Recognize
differences in the anatomy of monocot and dicot leaves. Monocots usually do not have a palisade
layer where monocots do. Also the
bundle sheath cells are often much larger in monocots. Identify the function of bulliform
cells.
12.
Are
pine leaves adapted to arid or wet conditions? Identify the function and location of
the hypodermis and resin ducts in the pine leaf.
13.
Identify
adaptations or identify the function of sun leaves, shade leaves, xerophytic
leaves, mesophytic leaves, hydrophytic leaves, leaf tendrils, spines, prickles,
storage leaves, flower pot leaves, window leaves, reproductive leaves, floral
leaves and the leaves of carnivorous plants like pitcher plants and
sundews.
14.
Explain
why leaves change color, in the fall identifying the pigments that are
involved.
15.
What
is abscission? Discuss the process
and structure of the abscission zone.
1.
Differentiate
between annuals, biennials and perennials.
2.
How
do flower structures differ between monocots and dicots?
3.
Be
able to recognize and identify the role of the peduncle, receptacle and the four
whorls of floral parts, the sepals (calyx), petals (corolla), stamens (filament
and anther and the pistil or carpel (stigma, style and
ovary).
4.
Different between superior and inferior
ovary.
5.
Different
between hypogynous, perigynous and epigynous flowers.
6.
What
is a fruit? What is its
function?
7.
Identify
the three structural regions of the pericarp (wall of the fruit), exocarp,
mesocarp and endocarp.
8.
Differentiate
between dry and fleshy fruits and between dry dehiscent and dry indehiscent
fruit. Individual fruit types will
be covered and tested in lab not lecture.
9.
Explain
how wind animals and water serve as agents of dispersal. Why is dispersal
important?
10.
Identify
the following seed parts: plumule, cotyledon, radicle and seed
coat.
11.
Explain
how germination is different between dicots such as the bean and monocots such
as corn.
12.
Define
seed dormancy and sclerification.
Why are dormancy and sclerification important to the survival of many
plants?
1.
Define
diffusion, diffusion gradient and equilibrium.
2.
Define
osmosis. Explain turgor,
plasmolysis and imbibition.
3.
Define
active transport.
4.
Why
do plants need to carry on active transport rather than simply allowing
everything to diffuse into the plant?
5.
Define
transpiration and root pressure.
6.
Explain
the cohesion-transpiration theory for the movement of water in xylem
tissue.
7.
Explain
factors that influence the opening and closing of the
stomata.
8.
How
does abscistic acid and water stress influence the stomata and guard
cells?
1.
Define
photosynthesis.
2.
Explain
the summary equation for photosynthesis.
3.
Recognize
that photosynthesis is responsible for almost all food on Earth and all oxygen
in the atmosphere.
4.
Identify
the raw materials and products of photosynthesis.
5.
What
is the role of chlorophyll a, accessory pigments and light in
photosynthesis?
6.
Differentiate
between autotrophs and heterotrophs.
How do photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs
differ?
7.
Identify
the role of decomposers in the environment.
8.
Identify
the overall role of the chloroplast and the specific functions of the
thylakoids, thylakoid disk and the stroma.
9.
Which
two colors of light are most effective in photosynthesis and which color is
least effective and explain why.
Which color of light provides the most energy for
photosynthesis?
10.
What
is the relationship between wavelength and the energy content of the various
colors of visible light?
11.
Explain
the difference in the light reactions and the light independent
reactions.
12.
Define
photolysis. Identify the products
of the photolysis of water.
13.
There
are three products of the light reactions, NADPH, ATP and O2. What is the fate or role of
each?
14.
The
light reactions are made up of cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation. Differentiate between the two
processes. How many photosystems
are involved in cyclic photophosphorylation and how many in non-cyclic
photophosphorylation?
15.
Explain
the role of the electron transport system, the thylakoid space, stroma and
ATPsynthase in the production of ATP through chemiosmosis.
16.
What
is chemiosmosis? What is the role and location of the electron transport
system? What is an electrochemical
gradient and how is it established between the thylakoid space and the
stroma?
17.
Identify
the location, raw materials and product of the light independent phase (Calvin
Cycle).
18.
Identify
the role of ribulose bisphosphate, CO2, ATP, NADPH and glyceraldehyde
phosphate in the Calvin cycle.
19.
Why
must three molecules of CO2 pass through the Calvin cycle before one
molecule of glyceraldehyde phosphate is gained from the
process?
20.
Define
photorespiration and explain how if causes problems for plants growing under
conditions of bright light and warm temperatures.
21.
How
does C4 photosynthesis reduce the impact of photorespiration? What is the role of the bundle sheath
cells?
22.
Explain
the process and adaptation of CAM metabolism, recognizing that this is an
adaptation to arid conditions.
23.
Explain
respiration. Differentiate between
aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
24.
Review
the summary equation of cellular respiration.